Acids, Bases and Salts | Class 10 Science | Future Classes
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Exploring the Chemistry of Acids, Bases and Salts in Future Classes

Acids, bases, and salts are important concepts in chemistry that can be studied in the classroom. CBSE notes and resources can be used to learn about these topics. Downloadable PDFs are available to help students understand and apply the concepts they are learning. Acids, bases, and salts are important for understanding the reactions that occur in the world around us. With the right resources, students can get a better understanding of these important concepts.

At our education website, you can easily download PDFs of CBSE Class 10 Science topics, such as Acids, Bases and Salts. These PDFs provide comprehensive definations of important concepts related to Acids, Bases and Salts. With the help of these definations, students can easily understand and remember the topics. Download our PDFs now and get the best learning experience

ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

ACIDS:

  • These are the substances that have a sour taste.

  • They turn blue litmus paper red.

  • They give  ions in aqueous solution.

  • The term ‘acid’ has been derived from the Latin word, acidus, which means sour.

  • Strong Acids (mineral acid): HCl (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid)

  • Weak Acids: acetic acid, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid, citric acid etc.

  • Concentrated Acid: Having more amount of acid + less amount of water

  • Dilute Acid: Having more amount of water + less amount of acid

BASES:

  • These are the substances that are bitter in taste and soapy in touch.

  • They turn red litmus paper blue.

  • They give  ions in aqueous solution.

Strong Bases: NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide),

Weak Bases: Ca(OH)2(calcium hydroxide) etc.

Alkalis:

Water soluble base is called alkali.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

The reaction of Metals with Acids

acid react with metal

The reaction of Metals with bases

base and metal reaction

Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing a burning candle near gas bubbles, it burst with a pop sound.

The reaction of Metal Carbonates/Metal Hydrogen Carbonates with Acids

acid react with metal carbonate

  • Carbon dioxide can be tested by passing it through lime water.

carbon dioxide test

(Lime water turns milky.)

  • When excess carbon dioxide is passed,

carbon dixide test

The reaction of Metal Carbonates/Metal Hydrogen Carbonates with bases

base reaction with metal carbonate

The reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids

Metallic oxides are basic.

Example-  (calcium oxide),  (magnesium oxide) are basic oxides.

acid react with metal oxide

The reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids

Non-metallic oxides are acidic.

base reaction with non metal oxide
all reaction of acids and base

Acid or Base in Water Solution

Acids produce H   ions in presence of water.

Ions cannot exist alone, they exist as H3O  (hydronium ions).

+

+

acid in water

Bases when dissolved in water gives OH  ions.

-

base in water

Indicators

Indicators are the substance that change their colour or odour when added into an acid or alkaline solution. Indicators can be classified as natural, synthetic indicators, olfactory indicators and universal indicators.

chart of indicators

Universal indicator:

To judge how strong a given acid or base is, a universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different concentrations of  ions in the solution.

Strength of Acid and Base

  • Strength of an acid or base depends on the number of H+ ions or OH- ions produced by them respectively.

  • Larger the number of H+ ions produced by an acid, stronger is the acid. Similarly, larger the number of the OH- ions produced by a base, stronger is the base.

pH Scale:

A scale for measuring H+ ion concentration in a solution. P in pH stands for potenz a German word that means power. It has values ranging from 0 (very acidic) TO 14 (very alkaline).

thus, pH is a number which indicate the acidic or basic nature of a solution.

ph scale

pH of some common substances shown on a pH paper

ph scale colour

pH of some common substances shown on a pH paper

Plants and animals are pH sensitive

Our body work normally within a pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. when pH of rain water goes below 5.6, it is called acid rain. It lowers the pH of the river water and makes survival of aquatic life difficult.

pH of the soil

Nature of soil is known by testing its pH and then a particular crop is grown in it by selecting fertilizer.

pH of our digestive system

During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid, it causes pain and irritation. To correct the disturbed PH range, milk of magnesia (Mg(OH)2  a mild base) is used as a medicine, which is also called antacid.

pH change leads to tooth decay

If the Ph inside the mouth decreases below 5.5 (acidic), the decay of tooth enamel begins. The bacteria present in the month degrades the sugar and left-over food particles and produce acids that remains in the mouth after eating.

To prevent tooth decay, toothpastes (basic) are used which neutralize the excess acid.

Self-defense by animal and plants through chemical warfare

When insect like honeybee, ant, etc., bite, they inject an acid into the skin, that causes pain and irritation. If a mild base like baking soda is applied on the affected area, it gives relief.

pH in plants

Stinging hair of nettle leaves injects methanoic acid in the skin which causes burning pain. It is cured by rubbing with leaves of dock plant.

Some naturally occurring acids

some naturally occurring acids

Salts

These are the compounds formed from the reaction of acid and base. example NaCl(sodium chloride), KCl(potassium chloride)

The reaction of Acids and Bases with Each Other

reaction of acids and bases

Neutralization Reaction:

The reaction of an acid with a base is called a neutralization reaction.

neutralization reaction

  • Salt of strong acid and strong base are neutral (pH = 7). Salts of strong acid and weak base are acidic (pH < 7) and salts of strong base and weak acid are basic in nature (pH > 7).

Chemicals from Common Salt (NaCl)

chemicals from common salt

Caustic soda or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):

When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of NaCl (brine), it decomposes to form NaOH. (Chlor-alkali process)

making of caustic soda
making of caustic soda

At anode: Cl2 gas

At cathode: H2 gas

Near cathode:  solution is formed.

Uses:

H2: Fuels, margarine

Cl2: Water treatment, PVC

 soaps, and paper making

Bleaching Powder or calcium oxychloride (CaOCl2):

It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.

making of bleaching powder

Uses:

  1. Bleaching cotton in the textile industry.

  2. Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories.

  3. The oxidizing agent in chemical industries.

  4. Disinfecting drinking water.

Baking Soda (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) (NaHCO3):

baking soda equation

  • When it is heated during cooking:

making of baking soda

Uses:

  1. For making baking powder (a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid). When baking powder is heated, CO2 is produced which causes bread and cake to rise to make them soft and spongy.

  2. An ingredient in antacid.

  3. Used in soda acids, fire extinguishers.

Washing Soda or sodium carbonate  

Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing soda.

making of washing soda

Uses:

  1. In the glass, soap, and paper industry.

  2. Manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.

  3. Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.

  4. For removing permanent hardness of the water.

Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates) (CaSO4.1/2H2O ):

On heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373K, it loses water molecules and becomes Plaster of Paris (POP).

plaster of paris

On heating gypsum (CaSO4.1/2H2O) at 373K, it loses water molecules and becomes Plaster of Paris (POP).

making of gypsum

Uses:

  1. Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones.

  2. For making toys, material for decoration.

  3. For making surfaces smooth.

The water of Crystallization:

It is a fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of salt.

water crystallization

Our website provides free PDF downloads of educational resources for CBSE Class 10 Science students. Our PDFs cover a broad range of topics, including acids, bases, and salts. Our PDFs provide detailed information about the properties of acids, bases, and salts, as well as examples of how they are used in everyday life. In addition, our PDFs include practice questions that help students test their understanding of the material. Download our PDFs today to get a comprehensive overview of acids, bases, and salts

Acids, Bases and Salts - Chapter 2, CBSE Class 10

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